Sentence Structure

Connectors & Conjunctions

German connectors fall into four groups, each with a different effect on word order. Coordinating conjunctions change nothing. Subordinating conjunctions push the verb to the very end of the clause. Adverbial connectors go to position 1 and invert the subject and verb. Two-part correlatives frame both sides of a contrast or addition.

Coordinating · Verb Stays in Position 2

Coordinating conjunctions join two main clauses. They sit between the clauses and have no effect on word order — the verb stays in position 2 in both halves.

Coordinating conjunctions — verb stays in P2
undand
aberbut
oderor
dennbecause / for (always P2 after — never P1)
sondernbut rather (corrects a negative)

These sit between two main clauses (Pos. 0). Word order after them is unchanged.

Position 1
Ich lerne Deutsch
Mittelfeld
und
Mittelfeld
er
Verb
lernt
Satzende
Spanisch.

und — verb stays in P2 in both clauses.

Position 1
Ich komme nicht,
Mittelfeld
sondern
Mittelfeld
ich
Verb
bleibe
Satzende
zu Hause.

sondern — corrects a negative: not X, but rather Y.

Subordinating · Verb to the End

Subordinating conjunctions introduce a Nebensatz (subordinate clause). The conjugated verb moves to the very end of that clause. A comma always separates the Hauptsatz from the Nebensatz.

Subordinating conjunctions — verb goes to END
weilbecause (reason)
dassthat (reported speech, expectations)
obwohlalthough (concession)
wennif / whenever (condition or repetition)
alswhen (single past event)
obwhether
damitso that (purpose)
bevorbefore
nachdemafter
währendwhile
seit(dem)since (time)
bisuntil
fallsin case / if (possibility)
sodassso that (result)

Comma before the Nebensatz. If the Nebensatz comes first, the main clause inverts (verb in P2).

Position 1
Ich bleibe zu Hause,
Mittelfeld
weil
Mittelfeld
ich
Mittelfeld
krank
Verb (Ende)
bin.

weil pushes the verb to the very end.

Position 1
Weil ich krank
Verb
bin,
Verb
bleibe
Mittelfeld
ich
Satzende
zu Hause.

Nebensatz first → main clause inverts: verb comes before subject.

Adverbial Connectors · Position 1, Verb Inverts

Adverbial connectors are not conjunctions — they are adverbs that sit in position 1 of the main clause. Because position 1 is taken, the verb stays in position 2 and the subject shifts to position 3. This inversion is the same rule as time-expression fronting in any Hauptsatz.

Adverbial connectors — occupy P1, verb stays P2, subject moves to P3
deshalbtherefore / that's why
deswegenbecause of that / therefore
daherhence / therefore
trotzdemnevertheless / despite that
dennochyet / still / nonetheless
außerdemmoreover / besides
dannthen (sequence)
danachafter that
zuerstfirst
schließlichfinally / after all
allerdingshowever / admittedly
nämlichnamely / you see (goes after the verb)

These cause inversion because they fill position 1. They are NOT conjunctions — they do not start a Nebensatz.

Position 1
Ich bin krank.
Position 1
Deshalb
Verb
bleibe
Satzende
ich zu Hause.

deshalb fills P1 → verb stays P2 → subject ich shifts to P3.

Position 1
Es regnet.
Position 1
Trotzdem
Verb
gehen
Satzende
wir spazieren.

trotzdem — nevertheless, we go for a walk (inversion after trotzdem).

Two-Part Correlatives

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs — one in each clause, framing the relationship between them. Word order after each part follows normal main clause rules.

Two-part connectors — one in each clause
entweder … odereither … or
weder … nochneither … nor
sowohl … als auchboth … and
nicht nur … sondern auchnot only … but also
zwar … aberit's true … but

Each part sits in its own clause. The verb follows normal P2 rules after each connector.

Position 1
Entweder
Verb
kommst
Mittelfeld
du jetzt,
Mittelfeld
oder
Mittelfeld
ich
Verb
gehe
Satzende
allein.

entweder … oder: either you come now, or I go alone.

Position 1
Er
Verb
spricht
Mittelfeld
sowohl Deutsch
Mittelfeld
als auch
Satzende
Englisch.

sowohl … als auch: both German and English.

Situations that use this